Founded in 2005 by roboticist Dimitrios Apostolopoulos, Pittsburgh’s ProtoInnovations develops modular autonomous robotics for extreme environments on Earth, the Moon and Mars. Its work spans flight-supported mobility software, planetary rovers, robotic wheels and tools, with NASA’s VIPER lunar rover among the missions supported by its autonomy and control technology. More than two decades of systems engineering and field testing underpin the company’s focus on safe, efficient operation in difficult terrain.