Akron-based S4 Mobile Laboratories develops compact mobile soil laboratories that use fiber-optic spectroscopy and push-probe technology to map underground chemical signatures in real time. Its Subterra platform spans precision agriculture—measuring soil organic carbon and bulk density at field scale—and minimally invasive forensic searches for unmarked graves. The company has raised $1.6 million in national and state grants and received a patent in 2024 for its all-fiber-optic soil probe design.